Science Connects Diet And Intestinal Bacteria With Healthier Immune Systems

Whilst to nutritionists and most people who understand the role of nutrients in health, the idea that the bacteria in our gut impacts on disease risk seems almost common knowledge, there is still a shortage of hard science to back this up. In the international journal Nature, periodic examples of how science is catching up appear. In the Oct 29th edition an article out of Australia really adds some substance to the role of food and bacteria in health and disease.

Insoluble dietary fibre, or roughage, not only keeps you regular, say the Australian scientists, it also plays a vital role in the immune system, keeping certain diseases at bay.

The indigestible part of all plant-based foods pushes its way through most of the digestive tract unchanged, acting as a kind of internal broom. When it arrives in the colon, bacteria convert it to energy and compounds known as ‘short chain fatty acids’. These are already known to alleviate the symptoms of colitis, an inflammatory gut condition.[1]

Bacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum produce high levels of acetate and propionate, whereas bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum produce high amounts of butyrate. [2]

Commensal bacteria and vertebrate immune systems form a symbiotic relationship and have co-evolved such that proper immune development and function relies on colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract by commensal bacteria.[3],[4]

Similarly, probiotics and prebiotics, food supplements that affect the balance of gut bacteria, reduce the symptoms of asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, also inflammatory diseases. This study provides an elegant explanation of one of the reasons why.

The researchers demonstrated that the G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), a molecule expressed by immune cells and previously shown to bind short chain fatty acids, functions as a powerful anti-inflammatory receptor.

The notion that diet might have profound effects on immune responses or inflammatory diseases has never been taken that seriously, said Professor Mackay. We believe that changes in diet, associated with western lifestyles, contribute to the increasing incidences of asthma, Type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Now we have a new molecular mechanism that might explain how diet is affecting our immune systems.

We’re also now beginning to understand that from the moment you’re born, it’s incredibly important to be colonised by the right kinds of gut bacteria. The kinds of foods you eat directly determine the levels of certain bacteria in your gut.

Changing diets are changing the kinds of gut bacteria we have, as well as their by-products, particularly short chain fatty acids. If we have low amounts of dietary fibre, then we’re going to have low levels of short chain fatty acids, which we have demonstrated are very important in the immune systems of mice.

The conclusions drawn from the current research provide some of the most compelling reasons yet for eating considerably more unprocessed whole foods – fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and seeds.

Dietary fibre, of course, has many known health benefits in addition to those discussed above, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, and various health authorities around the world recommend daily minimum levels.  It is certain that the majority of people in countries like Australia, the United States and Britain eat much less fibre than they need to stay healthy.

The role of nutrition and gut intestinal bacteria in immune responses is an exciting new topic in immunology, and recent findings including these open up new possibilities to explore causes as well as new treatments for inflammatory diseases such as asthma, diabetes, cancer and other conditions associated with altered immune driven inflammation.

An altered composition of the gut microbiota, brought on by western diet, or by use of antibiotics, has been suggested as a reason for the increased incidence of allergies and asthma in humans.[5]

SCFA–GPR43 interactions could represent a central mechanism to account for affects of diet, prebiotics and probiotics on immune responses, and may represent new avenues for understanding and potentially manipulating immune responses.

Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D, Schilter HC, Rolph MS, Mackay F, Artis D, Xavier RJ, Teixeira MM, Mackay CR. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43.Nature. 2009 Oct 29;461(7268):1282-6. View Abstract

References

[1]Tedelind, S., Westberg, F., Kjerrulf, M. & Vidal, A. Anti-inflammatory properties of the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate: a study with relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 2826–2832 (2007) View Abstract

[2]Macfarlane, S. & Macfarlane, G. T. Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 62, 67–72 View Abstract

[3]Ley, R. E. et al. Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 320, 1647–1651 (2008) View Abstract

[4]Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S. & Medzhitov, R. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118, 229–241 (2004) View Abstract

[5]Shreiner, A., Huffnagle, G. B. & Noverr, M. C. The “Microflora Hypothesis” of allergic disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 635, 113–134 (2008) View Abstract